Studies in Professionalism in Education Training Free Essays

I am as of now utilized in the post 16 preparing area as a mentor on the ‘entry to employment’ program (e2e). The e2e program is intended to be adaptable and individual, with the point of outfitting youngsters with the vital aptitudes to get autonomous; self-spurred; educated and engaged to assume responsibility for their own lives. Students move in the direction of reasonable yet testing focuses on that lead to movement onto appropriate preparing or work openings. We will compose a custom article test on Studies in Professionalism in Education Training or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now There are 3 essential strands to the e2e program; fundamental and key aptitudes (proficiency, numeracy, correspondence etc†¦); individual and social turn of events and professional turn of events. The program is custom fitted to suit the individual needs of an assortment of youngsters who are locked in on it. All students are matured somewhere in the range of 16 and 18 years and are not taking part in any type of post 16 learning, or in any type of business. The program itself isn't capability driven. Be that as it may, open doors for the accomplishment of declarations are accessible all through the course. There is no set time limit for the e2e program guaranteeing that students can work at a pace fit to their aptitudes, needs and conditions †students can spend as meager or as long (sensibly speaking) on the program so as to effectively accomplish their objectives. The strand I instruct is professional turn of events. This consolidates instructional meetings, for example, CV building; talk with strategies; work looking and supporting business. Learning is individualized, in this way addressing the requirements over a scope old enough and capacity. Demonstrable skill to me is surpassing the principles as set by different government workplaces and guaranteeing that the administration youngsters access at my association is a quality one. Further instruction has gotten a lot of analysis throughout the only remaining century and this has been reflected in the pay rates of the coaches in this segment instead of those in the necessary training part. To me being an expert is about mentality, conduct, self introduction and having a guarantee to progress. How we act in our jobs is principal to gaining the regard and valuation for our kindred specialists, administrators and in fact the individuals getting to the administrations we offer. The students that get to our administration are normally low level (beneath section 1) and many need inspiration to learn. As the National Foundation for Educational Research directed examination on members partaking in e2e, â€Å"Around 33% of youngsters met announced negative school encounters. These identified with issues with different understudies, negative associations with instructors, absence of accomplishment and the apparent superfluity of what they were educated. Many had been removed from school or had avoided themselves. † (http://www. nfer. air conditioning. uk/research-zones/pims-information/synopses/eet-section to-business. cfm This gives some sign of the challenges confronting mentors in this part and it is my conviction that leading a program that reflects school will just serve to demoralize students from getting to this course. Accordingly, in spite of the fact that we should be proficient, we should likewise offer something other than what's expected to the educational plan offered in mandatory training. In this way it is essential to consider Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs. The central matters being; physical solace, wellbeing and haven, love and having a place, confidence prompting self-actualisation. Further instruction in the UK has seen numerous progressions during the most recent 10 years. Concerns were raised by the legislature that Further Education was not creating a talented enough workforce in accordance with universal gauges, affecting upon Britain’s practical suitability. Other EU nations supposedly was delivering an a lot higher talented and prepared workforce. The conviction was that a reason for this was an absence of appropriately qualified school personnel in FE. This moved the idea that all educating and preparing staff working in the FE division ought to be able to the standard set by standard schools. It was felt that by doing this, gauges of the UK workforce would be raised. In 1999 FENTO (Further Education National Training Organization) was propelled. They were answerable for distinguishing needs inside the FE area. In 2000 FENTO proposed a lot of measures, which tended to more extensive issues of expert turn of events and considered another instructing capabilities arrange. These gauges comprised of three principle components: Professional information and getting, abilities and properties and key regions of instructing. In 2005 Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK) was shaped to deal with the change of instructor preparing. All FE instructors presently need to enlist with the Institute for Learning (IfL) which is a piece of LLUK, and screens preparing and records area preparing needs. Since beginning changes, instructing norms in FE have additionally evolved and advanced. In March 2006 the White Paper ‘Further Education: Raising Skills, Improving Life Chances’ featured further needs to build up a considerably more profoundly gifted workforce. It states, â€Å"This is a colossal test, on the grounds that there are some profound situated and long-standing shortcomings in our national abilities. We have set up significant change programs for 14-multi year olds and grown-up aptitudes, sponsored by generous venture. Those changes are realizing genuine advancement. Be that as it may, there is far to go to raise abilities and capability levels for youngsters and grown-ups to world standards† (White Paper ‘Further Education: Raising Skills, Improving Life Chances’, 2006). It likewise proceeds to state that FE foundations are key to accomplishing world norms in the UK workforce, however are right now not understanding their maximum capacity in being the main impetus behind aptitudes. The paper paints a bleak picture regarding abilities levels of the UK in contrast with other created nations, and with the Leitch report featuring the aptitudes requirement for 2020, plainly change is vital for the UK to contend in the worldwide monetary market. The monetary strategic at the center of the proposition, with the focal point of the FE area to be preparing youngsters and grown-ups with the aptitudes and abilities that address the issues of bosses. The recommendations spread out in this white paper were executed in the Further Education and Training Act 2007. Changes, for example, the above resoundingly affect associations, for example, mine. We need to guarantee that the government’s vision and focuses for what's to come are grasped and taken forward in the best conceivable manner, in this manner requesting that we, as FE representatives, are proficient in all parts of our work. So how would we as an association guarantee the responsibility and nature of administration that is normal by our legislature? Right off the bat it is basic that we have frameworks set up that adequately transmit data to staff. Precise and significant data and correspondence are crucial so as to transmit and successfully execute plans that will maintain the government’s wishes in respects proposition for FE. My association has a quality improvement division which consistently screens the presentation of the organization against gauges set out by offices, for example, the Office for Standards in Education (ofsted), Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) Learning and Skills Council (LSC) and some more. FE foundations are currently dependent upon review by ofsted of which their point is toâ€Å"inspect and direct to accomplish greatness being taken care of by youngsters and youngsters, and in instruction and aptitudes for students of all ages† (www. ofsted. gov. uk). This division is pivotal for the continuation of upgrades inside instructive settings. Despite the fact that misjudged by numerous individuals as ‘harrowing’ and ‘stressful’, the investigation procedure that this organization conducts is the stage for which FE suppliers need to assemble their arrangement. Ofsted assessments are intended to help improvement in administrations, raise goals and aid the accomplishment of better expectations inside instructive settings. The quality improvement group in my association follow the Common Inspection Framework as directed by ofsted. This guarantees we are offering the types of assistance and satisfying the guidelines set by the legislature. So as to discover that training staff are in accordance with this system, ordinary exercise perceptions occur by skillful staff. Via doing these perceptions, staff can utilize the criticism to persistently improve their training. It is additionally expected of instructing staff to self assess and ponder each exercise they educate. This is a key piece of polished methodology inside educating. I will examine in more detail later in this paper the qualities and significance of reflection. The quality improvement group are additionally liable for authentic documentation utilized by all staff. These are routinely inspected and refreshed and imparted to all staff. This guarantees all staff are utilizing similar records and makes consistent procedures that are trailed by all. Just as ofsted there are numerous different organizations that direct the conveyance of FE in the UK. One of these is the QCA. As a supplier that conveys capabilities in an assortment of subjects the QCA is a significant wellspring of data. The QCA keep up and build up the National Curriculum and authorize capabilities to suitable levels so as to address the issues of students, bosses and the economy. As we convey certify capabilities it is pivotal that we follow the rules set out by the QCA to guarantee we are showing the right information and abilities that students need to accomplish the norms set. We additionally need to cling to granting bodies, for example, Edexcel and City Guilds who give the capabilities which we convey. Just as authoritative p

HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HISTORY - Essay Example As Lynch calls attention to, one of the letters kept in touch with New Orleans’ Daily Delta from the opportunity development contenders expresses that the hued populace cherishes their home, their property, and their own laves and are prepared to shed their blood for shielding their privileges. The activists got suspicious of the government’s arrangements and methodologies too. The administration had not given any consideration to the inflexible savagery towards the dark extremist; and then again, there was absence of government mediation. These issues caused them go to outfitted self-protection, and much of the time they wound up in gore. All blacks engaged in the development and they required a dark solidarity and patriotism. Similarly, blacks in the northern networks began to draw consideration against the uncontrolled bigotry winning in the state. The staggering issues, for example, the private isolation, provocations from the police and authorities, and the absence of business openings were going about as power for the dark opportunity developments in the eighteenth century. Besides, the self improvement foundations composed the blacks and assumed a significant job in molding the lives of the free dark individuals. As Nuruddin (Ed. Ezra, 2) calls attention to, the development of the generosity affiliations, common guide social orders, autonomous African American denominational houses of worship, and semi free schools added to the opportunity development. The later upsets operating at a profit opportunity occurred after the time of Revolutionary war when the blacks were educated. Renowned noteworthy characters like Richard Allen and Prince Hall established a few foundations, for example, the African Masonic cabins, Church organizations and Free African Society before the finish of 18thâ century. These foundations were later formed into autonomous and separate organizations that encouraged molding the lives of the free

Issues Analysis- Indigenous People Essay Example for Free

Issues Analysis-Indigenous People Essay As the British showed up on the place where there is the native individuals they wanted to assimilate the native individuals into their way of life to work in the new state. The native individuals attempted to keep away from the pioneers yet as the land turned out to be increasingly involved contact got unavoidable. Representative Phillip needed to maintain a strategic distance from any superfluous clash so he treated the native individuals with generosity and requested his officers not to shoot any of them. He caught numerous aboriginals and one of them was Bennelong. He needed them to learn English and go about as interpreters between the Indigenous gatherings and the British. There were conflicts over the land and culture of Aboriginals and the British. Phillip obliviously requested his officers to fire at the Aboriginal individuals as he has just attempted to cultivate them and absorb them into the British culture and society was not filling in as he had trusted. The Aboriginal people groups saw that the British pioneers were setting up wall clearing the land, confining access and presenting various creatures; so they began to feel that the British were attacking, this lead to reprisal from the Aboriginals. By 1797, perspectives and approach toward the Indigenous people groups had changed. No longer did the administration choose to absorb the Indigenous people groups, but instead have another approach and that was to ‘keep them out’. In 1800 Governor King had answered to the British government the quantity of Aboriginal individuals murdered in battling was far more prominent than the quantity of British individuals slaughtered. The normal reaction from the administration to the Aboriginal opposition was to send endeavors of binds to rebuff any gatherings that undermined pioneers and homesteads. These fighters chased and slaughtered gatherings of Indigenous individuals that were thought to have been taking stock, food and by and large bothering the pilgrims. Government directions after 1800 were to fire at all indigenous people groups until they were far away from British settlements. As the British settlement gotten greater, the Indigenous people groups lost increasingly more of their territory and a large number of their relatives. They turned out to be progressively dependent on the British pioneers to give them food, asylum and water. As their customary life was gradually dissolving, numerous Aboriginal individuals began living on the edges of towns or began filling in as hirelings or slaves for the British settlements. The powerlessness for the Aboriginal individuals to prevail in this period it caused an adjustment in the European perspective on the time, that Indigenous people groups were mediocre, and couldn't take care of themselves or the land. Anyway not all contact was rough with the British pilgrims and the Aboriginal individuals. Now and again there was cordial contact and harmony. Some Aboriginal people groups intentionally turned out to be a piece of the British society. There is additionally a lot of proof that gatherings of Indigenous people groups helped Europeans when they were in a tough situation and this was regularly, as life for British pilgrims was very hard in the early long periods of the province. English colonization of Australian began in Sydney in 1788. The quickly happening outcomes inside long stretches of the main homesteaders appearance was a rush of European pandemic ailments, for example, smallpox, chickenpox, flu and measles. These maladies influenced the biggest populace densities where these illnesses could spread simpler. The following outcome of British settlement was water assets and the administration of land. The pilgrims saw Indigenous Australians as Nomads with no cultivated idea of land proprietorship, who could be charged from the land needed for cultivating. The aboriginals would handily move somewhere else. The effect on the aboriginals was lethal as there was loss of conventional terrains, water assets and food sources, as the networks were influenced by European illnesses. The otherworldly and social union and prosperity was influenced in view of the networks being constrained away from the customary zones. The pilgrims brought explicitly transmitted infections, and indigenous Australians had no resilience and subsequently significantly diminished richness and birth-rates. Pioneers were liable for presenting the liquor, opium and tobacco, and substance misuse has stayed an immense issue for Indigenous people group. The aftereffect of sickness, loss of land and savagery diminished the Aboriginal populace by an expected 90% between 1788 and1900. Smallpox alone murdered over half of the Aboriginal populace. Up to 3000 white individuals were executed by Indigenous Australians in the wilderness brutality. Most Indigenous individuals turned into a critical wellspring of work. The vast majority of the work was unpaid, rather they made due on the apportions that the laborers got, for example, types of food, attire promotion other fundamental necessities. In numerous territories of Australia Christian missions gave food and dress for the indigenous individuals and opened schools and halfway houses for Indigenous kids. In certain spots of Australia frontier governments gave a few assets. In 1914 around 1200 Aboriginal individuals addressed the invitation to battle as the war was frantic for newcomers. Numerous Indigenous individuals guaranteed they were Indian or cook islanders to keep away from the laws of no indigenous individuals being in the protection power. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians#The_impact_of_British_settlement There are numerous wellbeing advancing systems today, for example, ‘Two Ways Together: NSW Aboriginal Affairs Plan 2003-2012’, ‘COAG Agreement, they set six holes for shutting the impediment hole between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people’, CEO execution understandings. Resetting the relationship with Indigenous Australians is significant and this organization must be deferential. It takes the two gatherings to have any kind of effect. Ongoing examination by Reconciliation Australia demonstrates that Australians want to more readily comprehend the Indigenous people groups. Recognizing Indigenous drawback is a national duty that will require the commitment of the Australian Community. The legislature has focused on working in association with Indigenous Australians, organizations, state and region governments and network associations. http://www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-56_u-415_t-1040_c-4006/english native relations-1788-1820/qld/sose-history/first-australians-and-the-european-appearances/settlement-1788-1850.

Corporate social responsibility in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate social obligation in Asia - Essay Example By starting instruction, condition and social insurance programs, the administration has built up a road that organizations are currently receiving. For instance, in 2009 the Chinese government propelled a sweeping tree planting program and accordingly Chinese based firms set up tree planting as a component of their CSR activities. Another remarkable perspective that causes China to keep up a solid business to business relationship is the help among different associations that work in China. For instance, in view of its push to help little undertakings and ration nature, Wokai profits by the help of Cathay Pacific Airways and Morrison and Foerster that offers money related and legitimate help separately (Chen and Dean, 2007). One of the significant difficulties that confronted China is the prior instances of infringement of human rights that made a negative picture of the nation business environment. Significant cases that made a negative picture for the legislature was the utilizati on of jail work so as to deliver gainful items in the global market. In the region culture, Alan (2003) contends that the legislature has been noted to abuse human rights by mistreatment of people who occupied with exercises that compromised the control of the administration. Be that as it may, in its push to make speculators certainty, the Chinese government has occupied with exchange with remote nations on the issues of human rights. For instance, in the previous 5 years, the administration has welcomed appointments from Britain, France, Australia and France to get to the human right circumstance. The significant nation that has driven in the completion of human rights infringement in China is US. In their investigations on the effect of human rights on business speculators in china,... One of the significant perspectives that make Japan a nation with business openings is the broad utilization of CSR in the Japanese corporate administration. When contrasted with Europe and the US where firms targets achieving momentary returns for their investors, Japanese organizations place high an incentive to all the partners including the clients, representatives, investors and individuals from the network (Waldenberger, 2007). In such manner, greater part of organizations in Japan have set up divisions that manage corporate social duties. Yamaha Company, a Japanese based firm is one of the key organizations that have started a solid CSR office. Through this office, the organization started Yamaha Forest reforestation program in 2010. During the main period of the program that occurred in Sukabumi Regency, Yamaha Motor Company as a team with Yamaha Corporation planted around 115,110 trees. Different associations that are occupied with the ecological preservation in Japan incorp orate Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and University of Kuningan among others.

What I wish Id known, and what Im glad I knew

What I wish I’d known, and what I’m glad I knew At the CPW Womens Leadership Lunch, one of the prefrosh at my table asked me what I wish Id known before I came to MIT. I wish Id known from Day 1 that most of my professors didnt waltz unobstructed from success to success to success from the day they were born (Im pretty sure that a couple did, but thats beside the point.) Many have had their own struggles, academically and professionally, and many know what its like to feel low on self-confidence. Im glad that I learned by the end of Year 1 that a professor can be a mentor and a listening ear and not just an instructor. I hope and think that I never participated in a conversation that involved comparing SAT scores, high school grades, or AP scores. I hear freshmen doing that sometimes, and it makes me sad. I wish I had never worried about how I compared to my fellow incoming MIT students. I wish Id thought of every class block as a precious commodity. I have two semesters left, and there are at least fifteen or twenty classes that I would LOVE to take but wont have room for. Entire departments I wont ever taste. If I had fully appreciated this as an incoming freshman, I would have ASEd out of 18.02 (I definitely could have) and used my 8.01 credit. I held back because I was nervous, and thought it would be better to make sure I had a solid foundation before moving on. Its obvious to me now, though, that I did have a solid foundation: in particular, I had a great vector calculus teacher. I would have been challenged more, certainly, but that would have been a good thing. I will forever rue what turned out to be a decision to not take two additional classes. I wish Id spent more time with my living group (French House) freshman fall. I think I knew that my dorm was supposed to be my home-away-from-home for four years. I think I also knew that this is a pretty big deal; I expected that having a home on campus would be important. But it took me over a semester to understand that it takes physical presence to build a home away from home. You need to be physically present to build meaningful relationships with your college family. This should have been as high a priority for me as trying out eight billion extracurricular activities. I wish I had realized that while these four years dont last very long, they are packed from the beginning with new things and life-changing moments, and that its important from the beginning to become a familiar friendly face among the people with whom you will be sharing many of those moments. I wish Id known that the deadline for certain summer internships, and programs like MISTI, is BEFORE THE END OF FALL SEMESTER. Before the end of fall semester. Also, you need letters of recommendation for these things. Did I mention that the deadline for MISTI-France, to give an example, is BEFORE THE END OF FALL SEMESTER? I wish Id taken the freaking swim test the moment I got off crutches. I am so, so unspeakably glad that I made it a habit from Day 1 to attend talks and ask questions. Freshman year, I was a regular at the Brain and Cognitive Science colloquium; running up to the speaker to ask questions is ultimately how I got my first UROP. Since then, my interests have meandered, and I began regularly attending the Physics and Astrophysics department colloquia. This has been such an important habit, professionally. I have a much broader appreciation for the range of research conducted out there, and have gotten to know speakers as well as other regular attendees by cornering people to ask follow-up questions. Its also been satisfying to track my progress over the years. Freshman year, I could hang onto a talk for an average of probably 5 minutes, if at all. I was lucky if I knew half the words in the title. Sophomore year, it was probably 10-15 minutes, out of an hour. That summer, I worked at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory all summer, and when I came back I could cling onto most astrophysics colloquia for at least 70, 80% of the time. Im glad that I made friends at other universities, and that I left campus to visit them every now and then. I went on a few observing trips with Harvards astronomy club, for example. This year, I found out that BU has an active astronomy club, and I wish that Id thought to look into that my freshman year. Yeah, MIT students are awesome, and yeah, theres a startling amount of diversity in character and interests among MIT students but we all go to MIT. Being in touch with friends with dramatically different college experiences has helped me maintain perspective; I think its important to know that your colleges way of doing things isnt the only way of doing things, and that your peers arent the only awesome college students in the country. Im glad that I didnt spend any time riding an OMG I GOT INTO MIT THAT MUST MEAN IM THE BEST EVER high. I had close friends who didnt get in people I knew were just as deserving as I was. I had (and have) friends at lesser-known schools around the country who I have nothing but the most sincere admiration and respect for. Last summer, I interned with eight other undergraduates, most of whom were from colleges Id never heard of, and all of whom were obviously very smart, talented, hardworking and bound-for-success people, well on track to great things in the astronomy world. I think that coming to MIT with a sense of superiority would have been, well, wrong, in a limiting and destructive way. I wish I acknowledged at an earlier stage of my academic career that lifestyle choices that work for other people doesnt necessarily work for me. For myself, sleep deprivation isnt cool, and staying up late night after night is really dumb and unproductive.  Try as I might to pretend otherwise, I get really unhappy and overemotional when Im sleep-deprived, the same way that I would be really unhappy if I never showered or got zeros on all my homework assignments. How do I prevent getting zeros on all my homework assignments? I do my homework assignments. How do I prevent never showering? I shower. How should I prevent sleep deprivation? I should sleep, obviously. Somehow this didnt click until I took J-Lab, dug my health into a hole, and emerged from the experience so shaken that I now go to bed between midnight and 1 and get up between 8 and 9, very consistently. It has made SUCH. a difference. AND I still get my work done. Exercise and fruit. Exercise and fruit. Exercise and fruit. I wish Id never psetted during lecture, never skipped one class to study for another, never stayed up for hours and hours to squeeze out those extra last points on a problem set. I wish Id never convinced myself that an imminent deadline was so important that I had to drop everything else on my schedule. I can point to maybe one, two instances where that was actually beneficial in the long run, out of a whole bunch my freshman and sophomore years. It was almost always a mistake. Keeping pace with the rest of my life should almost always have been the priority. I wish Id bought my DNA, Mobius strip, and golden ratio earrings sooner.  Theyve earned me much respect over the past few months. Im glad I went on that date with that guy freshman fall; we wandered through Boston at night, climbed some sculptures, sat by a pond. We ended up going our separate ways, and I havent spoken to him in two years, but that adventure will always be a happy college memory. Im glad that I acted on whim. I thank whim for  one of my most life-changing, defining experiences. Im glad that I didnt listen to all the advice I was given. I realize now that there were some mistakes that needed to be made, by myself, in order for those lessons to sink in. except putting off the swim test. Seriously. Take the swim test.

What I wish Id known, and what Im glad I knew

What I wish I’d known, and what I’m glad I knew At the CPW Womens Leadership Lunch, one of the prefrosh at my table asked me what I wish Id known before I came to MIT. I wish Id known from Day 1 that most of my professors didnt waltz unobstructed from success to success to success from the day they were born (Im pretty sure that a couple did, but thats beside the point.) Many have had their own struggles, academically and professionally, and many know what its like to feel low on self-confidence. Im glad that I learned by the end of Year 1 that a professor can be a mentor and a listening ear and not just an instructor. I hope and think that I never participated in a conversation that involved comparing SAT scores, high school grades, or AP scores. I hear freshmen doing that sometimes, and it makes me sad. I wish I had never worried about how I compared to my fellow incoming MIT students. I wish Id thought of every class block as a precious commodity. I have two semesters left, and there are at least fifteen or twenty classes that I would LOVE to take but wont have room for. Entire departments I wont ever taste. If I had fully appreciated this as an incoming freshman, I would have ASEd out of 18.02 (I definitely could have) and used my 8.01 credit. I held back because I was nervous, and thought it would be better to make sure I had a solid foundation before moving on. Its obvious to me now, though, that I did have a solid foundation: in particular, I had a great vector calculus teacher. I would have been challenged more, certainly, but that would have been a good thing. I will forever rue what turned out to be a decision to not take two additional classes. I wish Id spent more time with my living group (French House) freshman fall. I think I knew that my dorm was supposed to be my home-away-from-home for four years. I think I also knew that this is a pretty big deal; I expected that having a home on campus would be important. But it took me over a semester to understand that it takes physical presence to build a home away from home. You need to be physically present to build meaningful relationships with your college family. This should have been as high a priority for me as trying out eight billion extracurricular activities. I wish I had realized that while these four years dont last very long, they are packed from the beginning with new things and life-changing moments, and that its important from the beginning to become a familiar friendly face among the people with whom you will be sharing many of those moments. I wish Id known that the deadline for certain summer internships, and programs like MISTI, is BEFORE THE END OF FALL SEMESTER. Before the end of fall semester. Also, you need letters of recommendation for these things. Did I mention that the deadline for MISTI-France, to give an example, is BEFORE THE END OF FALL SEMESTER? I wish Id taken the freaking swim test the moment I got off crutches. I am so, so unspeakably glad that I made it a habit from Day 1 to attend talks and ask questions. Freshman year, I was a regular at the Brain and Cognitive Science colloquium; running up to the speaker to ask questions is ultimately how I got my first UROP. Since then, my interests have meandered, and I began regularly attending the Physics and Astrophysics department colloquia. This has been such an important habit, professionally. I have a much broader appreciation for the range of research conducted out there, and have gotten to know speakers as well as other regular attendees by cornering people to ask follow-up questions. Its also been satisfying to track my progress over the years. Freshman year, I could hang onto a talk for an average of probably 5 minutes, if at all. I was lucky if I knew half the words in the title. Sophomore year, it was probably 10-15 minutes, out of an hour. That summer, I worked at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory all summer, and when I came back I could cling onto most astrophysics colloquia for at least 70, 80% of the time. Im glad that I made friends at other universities, and that I left campus to visit them every now and then. I went on a few observing trips with Harvards astronomy club, for example. This year, I found out that BU has an active astronomy club, and I wish that Id thought to look into that my freshman year. Yeah, MIT students are awesome, and yeah, theres a startling amount of diversity in character and interests among MIT students but we all go to MIT. Being in touch with friends with dramatically different college experiences has helped me maintain perspective; I think its important to know that your colleges way of doing things isnt the only way of doing things, and that your peers arent the only awesome college students in the country. Im glad that I didnt spend any time riding an OMG I GOT INTO MIT THAT MUST MEAN IM THE BEST EVER high. I had close friends who didnt get in people I knew were just as deserving as I was. I had (and have) friends at lesser-known schools around the country who I have nothing but the most sincere admiration and respect for. Last summer, I interned with eight other undergraduates, most of whom were from colleges Id never heard of, and all of whom were obviously very smart, talented, hardworking and bound-for-success people, well on track to great things in the astronomy world. I think that coming to MIT with a sense of superiority would have been, well, wrong, in a limiting and destructive way. I wish I acknowledged at an earlier stage of my academic career that lifestyle choices that work for other people doesnt necessarily work for me. For myself, sleep deprivation isnt cool, and staying up late night after night is really dumb and unproductive.  Try as I might to pretend otherwise, I get really unhappy and overemotional when Im sleep-deprived, the same way that I would be really unhappy if I never showered or got zeros on all my homework assignments. How do I prevent getting zeros on all my homework assignments? I do my homework assignments. How do I prevent never showering? I shower. How should I prevent sleep deprivation? I should sleep, obviously. Somehow this didnt click until I took J-Lab, dug my health into a hole, and emerged from the experience so shaken that I now go to bed between midnight and 1 and get up between 8 and 9, very consistently. It has made SUCH. a difference. AND I still get my work done. Exercise and fruit. Exercise and fruit. Exercise and fruit. I wish Id never psetted during lecture, never skipped one class to study for another, never stayed up for hours and hours to squeeze out those extra last points on a problem set. I wish Id never convinced myself that an imminent deadline was so important that I had to drop everything else on my schedule. I can point to maybe one, two instances where that was actually beneficial in the long run, out of a whole bunch my freshman and sophomore years. It was almost always a mistake. Keeping pace with the rest of my life should almost always have been the priority. I wish Id bought my DNA, Mobius strip, and golden ratio earrings sooner.  Theyve earned me much respect over the past few months. Im glad I went on that date with that guy freshman fall; we wandered through Boston at night, climbed some sculptures, sat by a pond. We ended up going our separate ways, and I havent spoken to him in two years, but that adventure will always be a happy college memory. Im glad that I acted on whim. I thank whim for  one of my most life-changing, defining experiences. Im glad that I didnt listen to all the advice I was given. I realize now that there were some mistakes that needed to be made, by myself, in order for those lessons to sink in. except putting off the swim test. Seriously. Take the swim test.

Autism And Vaccines - Free Essay Example

Autism and Vaccines Vaccines save lives; fear endangers them. Its a simple message parents need to keep hearing   Jeffrey Kluger, vaccines have always been wrongly accused of being threatening for human health, however vaccination opposition is as old as vaccination itself, one of the biggest accusations is that vaccines are the main cause of Autism, a complex mental and developmental disorder that is characterized by difficulties in social environments, verbal and nonverbal communication, and occasional problems with behavior, the growth of this mental condition has increased enormously the last 14 years, however, no, vaccines do not cause autism because theyre designed to be easily handled by the human immune system, autism is also a birth defect not something that manifest later in life , and a gigantic number studies have denied any type of relation between these two.. It has been a very clashing discussion the argument of whether vaccines have been designed to heal and aid the human body, and even when the answer seems obvious many people argue that the elements and chemicals that are used to create this medications have made vaccines more damaging than they are helpful, although this rumor has been widely spread and had poisoned the mind of many people, this theory is completely false A Babys immune system can easily handle the vaccines recommended for infant and toddlers (evidence shows vaccines) This words were written by The immunization action coalition, a nonprofit organization that is completely devoted on educating the people on the benefits and the importance of vaccines. They have investigated the human immune system and its answer to vaccines which gives them the criteria to expose the falsehood of these allegations. Some people worry that receiving too many vaccines early in life can   overwhelm a babys immune system and that this so mehow can lead to autism. This doesnt fit with what we know about the remarkable capacity of the immune system (evidence shows vaccines) since the moment a baby is born their body has to confront with dangerous microorganisms displayed like bacteria,viruses, and fungi. And inside of these organisms there are far many more antigens which are the bad type of organisms for the human body than in all of the recommended childhood vaccines combined, this is irrefutable proof that vaccines contain no potential danger for the human body. Autism is usually manifested when the child is 18-24 months old which had led many people to believe that vaccines are the cause for this behavioral change since most of them are given within this range age, however, the majority of these people are desperate parents who dont fully understand the situation and need something to blame it on, anyhow this accusations couldnt be further from the truth developmental specialist, however, can identify early signs of autism in children when they are much younger(evidence shows vaccines) there is a great deal of doctors that have dedicated their lives to the understanding of autism and they have been able to detect this disorder in children way before they start getting their shots. Researchers have used functional MRI [magnetic resonance imaging] scans to study the connection in areas of the brain that control language, social, and emotional processes, suggesting that these abnormalities contribute to the development of autism(evidence shows vaccines)   autism is a very convoluted mental condition and the results for these researches are only clues that will contribute to a further investigation on it and highlight that the cause of autism is far more complicated than just pointing at something as harmless as vaccines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The supposed link between vaccines and autism has caught the attention of many scientist and doctors that also want to investigate, research, and finally share an opinion on the subject, while the big majority of these people support the use of vaccines there are also groups that are fully committed to defame the properties of vaccines, a great example of one of these groups is the one led by the britain Dr. Andrew Wakefield, the head of a 12 member group that had published many anti-vaccine articles and researches, however, as the Doctor John Calfee states a series of studies (summarized in Offits two books) had failed to replicate Wakefields results and in fact had ruled out any connection between autism and any vaccine, including the MMR vaccine (Calfee, John E.) and as it was expected these studies have been proven to be baseless, apart from these false accusations research has also been done in the other side of the argument, and it is much stronger evidence, there is a institution that helps provide guidance to congress in scientific issues called the institute of medicine. consensus report strongly stated that the evidence did not show a link between vaccines and autism(evidence shows vaccines) This statement was done after The Institute Of Medicine reviewed and studied about 1,200 studies on the matter, even when this number studies seems enormous there are more companies, clinics and institutions that have analyzed the issue like the RAND company that in 2011 published an article on the anti-vaccine movement denying any relationship between Autism and vaccines, or even the Federal Court that after examining 939 articles on the concern concluded as stated that the evidence was overwhelmingly contrary to the idea that autism is triggered by vaccines, and there is not bigger proof on a scientific issue that the opinion of hundreds of scholars, scientifics, and doctors combined on the same side of the argument.

Cultural Synthesis in ‘Dream in Hawaii’ by B. Bhattacharya

Dr. Sadashiv Pawar Dept. of English, Shri. A.B.College,Deogaon, Kannad,A`bad. Cultural Synthesis in ‘Dream in Hawaii’ by B. Bhattacharya The process of interculturation between two divergent ideals started in India during the British Empire. The Cultural tradition of India, imbued with many socio-religions, economic and philosophical, has an excellent integration. The impact of the colonial rule is reflected in life,†¦show more content†¦The materialistic progress of the Western people has made human life more comfortable but at the same time they have proved equally disastrous to mankind. The acquisitive nature of man results in the merciless exploitation of the fellow beings. The weak and the defenseless find it hard to exist material progress, thus implies the loss of spiritual nature of Western man. The novelist observes the commercial and technological culture of the West: The dead rat – I call it technology; up to a point technology is good for mankind. It’s tool of civilized living. Beyond that point it turns anti-social and defeats its original purpose.†3 In the novel, Swami Yogananda voices the novelist’s vision of both ideas and their necessity of synthesis: â€Å"I see an East-West encounter on American earth. An encounter of the spirit. American seems to be in the throes of change. Yesterday this was wishful thinking. Today it is believable.†4 Material hunger leads Westerns towards inhumanity, physical hunger and hatred. To get rid of this, Yogananda thinks of the need of ‘Vedanta’, which only can make human life better. The knowledge acts as a pathfinder leading man to the state of absolute peace. Stella’s frustration exemplifies the failure of material bliss in the American society. Marriage has been reduced to dating and mating. Walter Gregson, husband, is the victim of the promiscuous habit, which has put Stella into a great harassment. Their

Feminism, By William Lloyd Garrison - 2187 Words

Feminism has become an ugly word. Some say it does not even live up to its definition anymore. However, the definition remains unchanged in the pages of history. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary’s definition of Feminism reads, â€Å"The theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.† If one digs deep into this definition, beyond the surface of society’s view on feminism today, one can see that feminism would benefit both sexes. The true ideals of feminism break down gender roles, thus benefitting men, women and future generations. Feminism began way back in the early 1800’s with a realization that gender roles limited the sexes. From the very start, there have been many male feminists, even if they are not spoken of often. In the 1830’s, William Lloyd Garrison emerged as one of the first men to openly believe in women participating in the abolition movement and other political issues. During that time, it took mounds of courage for a male to stand up and say that women could do something just as well as men. Fast forward over many years of history, and even in modern day America, men are still looked at strangely when they say they are feminists. One male feminist shared on CNN.com in 2013, â€Å"My feminism is a simple belief in equality. I’m a feminist because I believe that men and women are and should be equal, but we’re not treated equally right now† (Brougher 1). He shared his ideas of all the reasons women need to be given equal rights, butShow MoreRelatedWomen And Wom en, Black And White918 Words   |  4 Pageswent through a religious experience. She became convinced that God was calling for her fight â€Å"for god and her freedom† and â€Å"for the cause of oppressed Africa.† It was when abolitionist publisher William Lloyd Garrison began acquiring for writings by black women that Stewart began writing. Garrison published her first essay in 1831. 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In a man’s world, women were severely restricted in what they were allowed to do and feminist writers made a bold move in pointing this out. Feminism and Abolition came at exceedingly distinctive times and developed from various backgrounds. While these two very different movements did not always agree, many were sympathetic towards each other’s causes and shared common logic. Margaret FullerRead MoreWomen s Rights During The 19th Century1411 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning of year 1832, William Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionists and a reporter Association organized an association against slavery and encouraged the full participation of women. Garrison s idea is not supported by most of the abolitionists. Those abolitionists who did not want women to participate in established another abolitionist organization. Abolitionism, also known as abolition of slavery, is a political movement in order to abolishing the slave trade and slavery system. 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Giberson Glass Studio Essay - 943 Words

Course Title: Financial Management Assignment: Mid Semester Exam Giberson’s Glass Studio Pages: 6 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Production Schedule 4 Product Mix 5 Product Mix and Schedule 6 Cash Flow 7 Budgeting and Finance 7 Income Statement 7 Balance Sheet 7 Executive Summary Giberson’s Glass Studio was founded to produce exquisite hand made glass by Edward Giberson in 2002 and The main problems facing the company are the production schedule and usage of the principle skill set, namely Mr. Giberson. While the business currently operates at a profit, it is not able to provide the $25,000 minimum in wages that is needed. By changing the production schedule, product mix and using†¦show more content†¦Casual duty list - Light glory hole each morning (10 hrs), Cold work (7 hrs), Packaging and Shipping (5 hrs), Tidying and Miscellaneous (2 hrs) Product Mix The other important change to bring the company into profitability is to change the product ratios and focus on the more financially rewarding items. By observing your work over the last 6 weeks, I can show that the majority of Hot Time is spent on Wrapped Tumblers and Patterned Glass. These products actual have the lowest sale price and therefore the lowest return on both time and materials. |Product |Glass Content |Hot Time |Cold Time | |Revenue | 3,341 |3,560 |6,832 | |Cost of Materials | 180 |180 |180 | |Gas | 1,000 |860 |860 | |Operating Costs | 915 |1,045 |1,045 | |Depreciation | 385 |358 |358 | |Net Profit | 861 |1,117 | 4,389 | Table 7 - Monthly Cash Flow To see what effect this has over 12Show MoreRelatedGiberson Glass Studio720 Words   |  3 PagesGiberson’s Glass Studio Giberson is a skilled glassblower facing financial difficulties in his business. His resources are draining out quickly due to the following reasons – ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Lack of proper bookkeeping following his divorce, since his wife used to take care of the activity He has no knowledge which of his 4 items – glasses, paper weights, tumblers and vases – is profitable He is in dire need of a better pricing strategy to maintain profits after accounting for costs and his wages LookingRead MoreGibersons Glass Studio Case1004 Words   |  5 PagesWei Chen Giberson s glass studio case Background Giberson is a skilled glassblower whose business is a bit confusing.ä »â€"çš„ä ½Å"å“ Ã¥â€¡  Ã¤ ¹Å½Ã¦ ¯ Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©Æ' ½Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ »â€"çš„å · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"Ã¥ ® ¤Ã¯ ¼Å'ä »â€"çš„ä º §Ã¥â€œ Ã¥ â€"Ã¥ ¾â€"ç› ¸Ã¥ ½â€œÃ¥ ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€š He works in his studio almost every day, and his products are popular and unique.ä »â€"æ ­ £Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¨â‚¬Æ'虑æ‰ ©Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥ · ±Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º §Ã¥â€œ Ã§ º ¿Ã¯ ¼Å'æˆâ€"è‡ ªÃ¥ ®Å¡Ã¤ ¹â€°Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¸â‚¬Ã§ § Ã¨ ® ¢Ã¥ â€¢Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ® ¢Ã¦Ë† ·Ã¨ ¦ Ã¦ ±â€šÃ¤ »â€"Ã¥ Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥Å½ »Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ½â€ Ã¤ »â€"Ã¥  ´Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰è ¿â„¢Ã¦   ·Ã¥ Å¡Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »â€"ç› ®Ã¥â€° Ã§â€Å¸Ã¤ º §Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ º ¸Ã©â€¢â€¡Ã¯ ¼Å'çŽ »Ã§â€™Æ'æ  ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'å› ¾Ã¦ ¡Ë†Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§Å" ¼Ã©â€¢Å"å’Å'èŠ ±Ã§â€œ ¶Ã£â‚¬â€š He currently produces paperweights, tumblers, patterned glasses and vases. ä »â€"æ ­ £Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¨â‚¬Æ'虑æ‰ ©Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥ · ±Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º §Ã¥â€œ Ã§ º ¿Ã¯ ¼Å'æˆâ€"è‡ ªÃ¥ ®Å¡Ã¤ ¹â€°Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¸â‚¬Ã§ § Ã¨ ® ¢Ã¥ â€¢Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ® ¢Ã¦Ë† ·Ã¨ ¦ Ã¦ ±â€šÃ¤ »â€"Ã¥ Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥Å½ »Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ½â€ Ã¤ »â€"Ã¥  ´Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰è ¿â„¢Ã¦   ·Ã¥ Å¡Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ£â‚¬â€š He is considering expanding his product line, or taking on custom work (one of kindRead MoreGiberson’s Glass Studio1303 Words   |  6 PagesFelicia Coates University of Virginia Darden Graduate Business School September 15, 2008 Edward Giberson Giberson’s Glass Studio Owner Dear Mr. Giberson: I appreciate an opportunity you provided for me to observe and analyze a production process at your studio. I would like to share with you my observations and recommendations. There are four products you produce at the studio: Patterned glasses, Paperweights, Wrapped tumblers and Vases. Based on amount of a batch mix and average

Inbound Marketing - 1193 Words

uHubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2.0 By Ashna Bali 1) According to HubSpot, the rules of marketing have changed in the sense of the way that businesses approach or reach out to their customers. HubSpot believes in tapping into technology and Internet for marketing businesses and products by using Web 2.0 tools and methods such as blogging software, social media and search engine optimization. The CEO of HubSpot, Brian Halligan, believes that the traditional â€Å"outward† methods of marketing are seen by potential customers as an interruption in their lives (For example, advertisements on TV while watching your favorite show) and society is getting better at blocking out such interruptions. Therefore, the impact of such marketing is†¦show more content†¦However, the Small Business Owners have a higher churn rate and derive much of their value from HubSpot in the first few months as a customer and tend to cancel their subscription after that. Therefore, they are not long-term customers for HubSpot. CLV Calculation | OO | MM | B2B | B2C | Churn rate | 4.3% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 6% | Consumer lifetime in months | 23.26 | 31.25 | 30.3 | 16.67 | Acquisition Cost | 1000 | 5000 | - | - | Monthly profit | $250 | $500 | | | Customer lifetime value | $4815 | $10625 | | | After calculating the CLV we can clearly see that the value of the Marketing Professional Customer ($10625) is more than double that of the Small Business Owner customer ($4815) and therefore HubSpot should prioritize their marketing efforts towards the marketing professionals. Even though the acquisition cost of the Marketing Professional customer is pretty high, their churn rate is quite low and their Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is very high which makes them more valuable in the end. Also B2B customers derive more value from Inbound marketing as compared to B2C customers. Also, they have a lower churn rate. So, HubSpot should definitely use more resources towards and pay more attention to B2B and MM customers . 3) Yes, according to me HubSpot should continue to practice what they preach and engage in inbound marketing alone. How can theyShow MoreRelatedInbound Marketing6115 Words   |  25 Pages9-509-049 REV: MAY 28, 2009 THOMAS STEENBURGH JILL AVERY NASEEM DAHOD HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2.0 None of [the old rules of marketing] are true anymore. The Web has transformed the rules, and you must transform your marketing to make the most of the Web-enabled marketplace of ideas. — David Meerman Scott, author of The New Rules of Marketing and PR Business was good at HubSpot. Founders Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah were thrilled with the progress their young company had madeRead MoreOutbound Marketing And Inbound Marketing1362 Words   |  6 Pagesoutbound marketing and inbound marketing. Take some time and explore the Internet, then, in your discussion forum entry, describe both outbound and inbound marketing approaches. Then provide two real examples of both. Include the URLs of your examples. Outbound Marketing is a business strategy that is used to advertise it product and services to target the consumer whether they are interested or not. Outbound marketing is known as Traditional Marketing. As time went on outbound marketing has beenRead MoreBusiness At Inbound Marketing Firm Hubspot1228 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness at inbound marketing firm HubSpot was good, but founders Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah has come to realize that their business is at a crucial juncture (Steenburgh, Avery Dahod, 2014). In order to continue on the path of growth, Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah must make some decisions regarding the direction of their company. To achieve the company’s goals of growth acceleration and maximum profit, HubSpot realizes they need to overcome a few challenges inbound marketing presents. Read MoreHubspot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2.01330 Words   |  6 PagesCase 3: HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2.0 HubSpot is a dynamic and promising startup that has recently reached its 1,000 customer milestone. The company, led by founders Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah, offers an intuitive and easy-to-use marketing software that acts as a tool for customers to spearhead their ‘inbound marketing’ campaigns. The company is an evangelist of ‘inbound marketing’ where companies try to pull prospective customers toward a business and its products through the useRead MoreProtecting Your Reputation Through Inbound Marketing910 Words   |  4 PagesProtecting your Reputation through Inbound Marketing As a business, your reputation is one of the most important things that you have. Unfortunately, it is also something that can take a direct hit when a customer has a bad experience. Today, it is easy to go online and give a business a bad review. Not only can this bad review damage the reputation of the company in question, but it can also cause them to lose money at the same time. So, what can you do to fight back against these bad reviews andRead MoreDifference Between Inbound And Outbound Marketing Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the difference between inbound and outbound marketing. The goal of marketing through social publishing is to publish brand content in order to increase brand awareness and increase website traffic. This can be done through either outbound (push) or inbound (pull) marketing. Outbound marketing refers to traditional advertising methods such as telemarketing, direct mail, or radio advertising that push a message to a broad audience in hopes that the target audience receives the message. ThisRead MoreIntegration Assignment : Company Overview And Strategy Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesand Strategy Company Overview Hubspot Incorporated was founded by Dharmesh Shah and Brian Halligan in 2006 after they graduated from MIT. Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, HubSpot’s goal is to create a new form of online marketing and advertising. In providing new marketing strategies to companies, HubSpot leads a change in providing advertisements that online users not only find interesting, but also relevant and pleasant (Our Story). With 1,157 full-time employees (Form 10K), HubSpot intendsRead MoreJapans Economic Efforts After the Earthquake and Tsunami of 20111146 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Japan: Towards a Better Future In the month of March 2011, Japan was struck hard by a natural disaster. This earthquake was known as the â€Å"Great East Japan Earthquake† which caused a tsunami (Euromonitor, 2013). Tourism in Japan was at a standstill for about year until 2012. During the year of 2011, Japanese people did not travel and â€Å"people refrained from leisure activities† (Euromonitor, 2013). About a year after the earthquake, tourism grew and there was â€Å"an increased desire to travel†Read MoreMarketing Plan Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Develop a Marketing Plan that Will Add Value to Your Business Studies show that companies with a marketing plan in place are more likely to be successful in their marketing efforts. One study showed that businesses that plan grow 30% faster. According to another study, 71% of fast-growing companies have plans. Those companies create budgets, set sales goals, and document marketing sales strategies. A solid marketing plan will help you generate leads, build awareness with your target audienceRead MoreHubspot Case Study Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesDharmesh Shah of upstart inbound-marketing firm HubSpot have come to a crossroads in their business model. The direction of the company must adapt in order to continue on the stated path of growing as big as possible, as fast as possible. HubSpot is facing two problems that it must address in order to accomplish its goals. First, HubSpot has a corporate culture centered on an evangelical attitude towards inbound-marketing. HubSpot offers the services of inbound-marketing, which uses strategies such

Advertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned Essay - 974 Words

Advertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers, however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it is bad for you and it appeals to their â€Å"bad boy/girl† ideal. Many might argue that forbidding a company from advertising its product is against freedom of speech. This essay will show that the harmful effects of cigarettes will justify dramatic means to prevent people, especially our youth from being encouraged to start smoking. Smoking cigarette s is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths per year in the United States, including nearly 42,000 deaths resulting from secondhand smoke exposure. (â€Å"Fun Facts†) The first Brand of cigarettes to become widely known was Bull Durham in 1868. Cigarette sales truly began in 1881 with the patent of the first cigarette rolling machine. Cigarette companies began looking for ways to advertise their products. Originally tobacco companies used cards placed in the cigarette package and posters to advertise. Eventually newspapers, radio, then television were used to reach as many people as possible. (Tobacco companies were the single largestShow MoreRelatedAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned975 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it is badRead MoreBanning Tobacco Advertising Ban On The Public Health Of Their People976 Words   |  4 Pagesany actors or actresses smoking as it glorifies smoking and sends a bad message to its viewers. According to a CNN article written by Leo Juarez, some actors seem to support the smoking censorship but some film directors seem concerned that the ban might lead to other censorships in the future. India wasn t the first country to implement the ban on tobacco advertisements, other countries such as France, Belgium, Finland, and Norway had already banned tobacco advertisements from their countries. TheRead MoreThe Ban Of Tobacco Advertisements Banned860 Words   |  4 Pageshe people in India that wanted tobacco advertisements banned, wanted them banned because the children would watch t.v. and they would see the tobacco advertisements that had an animated camel in the advertisement and to the parents of the children it made them think that it was showing the children that it is okay to smoke tobacco. Another reason they wanted the tobacco advertisements banned was because researchers has researched tobacco and all the percentages, meaning they found out thatRead MoreHow Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People.1447 Words   |  6 Pageslot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except this kind of advertisement, I had seen lots of tobacco advertisements on billboards which made me believe that everything is ok if I smokeRead MoreBan Banning Should Not Be Banned981 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most widely debated topics when it comes to government interference is smoking. Often described as a slow killer, many feel that it is something that should not only be avoided, but also banned. In India specifically, a country that is renowned for its high use of tobacco production and use, the idea of smoking has become a national crisis. With tobacco companies trying to push for freedom of speech† with advertisements, and the government attempting to assume a sense of responsibility, it seemsRead More Alcohol and Cigarette Advertisement Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and Cigarettes Advertisement How would you feel if one of your family members or close friends told you they have a lung disease or cancer? According to a 1992 national household survey on alcohol, about 7.5% of the United States population (That is about 14 million Americans) abuse or are dependent on alcohol. Also, a recent 2004 Center for Disease Control (CDC) survey indicated that about 21% of US adults are current cigarette smokers. (That is about 44.5 million people).Let me repeatRead MoreBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare ofRead MoreAdvertisements: A Threat to Our Little Ones1209 Words   |  5 Pagesactions that are unmonitored such as watching advertisements, which may ruin their efforts completely. The journal of the American Medical Association said that on average children between the age of two and seventeen watch up to 15000 to 18000 hours of television a year (Bagdikian, 2000, p.36). Now consider the number of advertisements kids watch in this time, according to New American Dream (2012, para2) American children watch up to 40,000 advertisem ents a year. If these figures are taken in to accountRead MoreBan Of Ban On Tobacco988 Words   |  4 Pages Those in favor of the ban on tobacco advertisements and sponsoring of cultural and sporting events in India noted that they were not the first country to be taking these steps. In fact, many European countries had previously invoked bans on tobacco beginning decades before. In both Belgium and France the ban was deemed to be constitutional as the main motivator behind this ban was public health, and not necessarily the desire to stop the tobacco industry from partaking in trade. BeyondRead MoreTobacco Companies Using Advertising Tactics That Target Teenagers1487 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco companies should be prevented from using advertising tactics that target teenagers. There has always been controversy as to how tobacco companies should prevent using advertising tactics to target teenagers. As controversial as this is tobacco companies shouldn’t adverti se teen smoking. Many teens may be lured to believe cigarette advertising because it has been part of the American Culture for years, magazine ads and the media target young people, and these companies receive a drastic increase

Regulating Circulatory Sympathovagal Balance-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Regulating Circulatory Sympathovagal Balance? Answer: Introducation The roles of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in treating arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, and other cardiovascular diseases have been documented well. However, recent study as well as research has shown that treating patients with appropriate doses of ACE inhibitors did not result in permanent attenuation Angiotension plasma levels (Daugherty et al. 2000).Angiotensin-2 generation by ELA-2 was checked in both in-vivo and ex-vivo mesenteric hearts. However, the role of ELA-2 is in-vivo regulation of the cardiac cycle by bringing about alternative constriction and relaxation of the arterioles in debatable (Becari et al. 2017).In order to arrive at a suitable conclusion knockout mouse for ELA-2 gene was compared with a wild type mouse. Test such as echocardiography was used to access cardiac output, stroke volume. Moreover, cardiac indexes, ventricular wall thickness, ventricular areas along with collagen density were studied histologically (Daugherty et al . 2000).The ELA-2 knockout mice depicted symptoms of bradycardia, which could be related to the mutation caused in the gene synthesizing Elastase-II. This could be related to the decrease in the cardiac inhibitory function of Angiotensin II on parasympathetic function (Winkelmayer et al. 2006). Angiotension II in promoting atherosclerotic lesions Increased plasma concentrations of Angiotension could be related to development of atherosclerotic lesions. The lesions were majorly lipid-laden macrophages and lymphocytes (Daugherty et al. 2000).Further conduct of study pointed at increased concentration of Angiotensin-2 can have profound effect on the vascular pathology in combination with the phenomenon of Hyperlipidemia (Liu et al. 2015).Reports and studies have supported that in humans increased cardiac functions have been noted with increase in the rate of rennin, which is the rate-limiting step in Angiotensin II generation (Becari et a l. 2017).The injection or administrations of ACE inhibitors have been associated with decreased rate of cardiac morbidity. Evidence suggests that atherosclerotic lesions expressing the enzymes necessary for Ang II include rennin and ACE (Winkelmayer et al. 2006).Studies have shown that abnormal Ang II may increase the atherogenic process by increasing the rate of arterial blood pressure. Moreov er, increased concentrations of Angiotension II in the plasma could be linked to the activation of monocytes and macrophages and increased oxidative stress. All these factors could be linked with promotion of atherosclerosis (Ponnuswamy et al. 2017). Angiotension converting enzyme The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme was clinically introduced to regulate the concentration of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone in blood. Reports have shown increased concentration to be related with the rate of cardiovascular morbidity and hypertension (Daugherty et al. 2000). ACE inhibitors have shown to reduce ventricular hypertrophy, albumineria and arterial damage. Thus, increasing longevity and decreasing the rate of development of abnormal cardiovascular conditions. Reports have also suggested that ACE prevent breakdown of Bradykinin a potential nitric oxide releasing factor. The Nitric Oxide plays a pivotal role in attenuation of the endothelial function (Zhang et al. 2015). The ACE inhibitors have been shown to reduce target organ damage by maintaining a balance in the sympathovagal system. Studies have shown that the ACE inhibitors can promote antiatherogenetic effects by promoting fibrinolysis and thrombogenesis (Ponnuswamy et al. 2017). Articles referenced For the present assessment, a number of articles have been referenced explaining the effects of increased plasma concentration of Angiotensin and its effect in the maintenance of the cardiovascular health. I think the article presented by Winkelmayer et al. (2006), is rather well documented, where the effect of Elastace has been compared in a wild types mouse with that of a Knockout mice for Elastase-2. This could be related to decrease in the cardiac inhibitory function of the Angiotensin-2 on the parasympathetic nervous system. Thus, MI could be associated with increased activation of RAS. Thus, heart failure has been linked with hyperactivity of RAS, which further increases the concentration of plasma levels of Angiotesnin. The Angiotensin levels need to be checked via the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). The angiotensin-converting enzyme reduces the rate of heart activity by activating the parasympathetic system. It has been well explained via the sympathetic vagal balance, w hich has been disrupted in the mice suffering Myocardial infarction. In this respect, deletion of the ELA-2 gene decreased the basal heart rate of the mice. This proved that the same might be responsible for controlling the cardiac morbidities in the rats. The study helps in presentation of a comparative analysis where hyperactive concentration of Angiotensin have been seen to promote the rate of atherogenesis. This presents a debatable area where the use of ACE in the treatment of cardiovascular disease has been challenged References Becari, C., Durand, M. T., Guimaraes, A. O., Lataro, R. M., Prado, C. M., de Oliveira, M., Salgado, H. C. (2017). Elastase-2, a Tissue Alternative Pathway for Angiotensin II Generation, Plays a Role in Circulatory Sympathovagal Balance in Mice.Frontiers in Physiology,8, 170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00170 Daugherty, A., Manning, M. W., Cassis, L. A. (2000). Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein Edeficient mice.Journal of Clinical Investigation,105(11), 16051612. Liu, C. L., Wang, Y., Liao, M., Wemmelund, H., Ren, J., Fernandes, C., ... Zhang, J. Y. (2015). Allergic Lung Inflammation Aggravates Angiotensin IIInduced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Mice.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, ATVBAHA-115. Ponnuswamy, P., Joffre, J., Herbin, O., Esposito, B., Laurans, L., Binder, C. J., ... Zhang, Y. (2017). Angiotensin II synergizes with BAFF to promote atheroprotective regulatory B cells.Scientific Reports,7. Winkelmayer, W. C., Fischer, M. A., Schneeweiss, S., Levin, R., Avorn, J. (2006). Angiotensin Inhibition After Myocardial Infarction: Does Drug Class Matter?Journal of General Internal Medicine,21(12), 12421247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00590.x Zhang, X., Thatcher, S., Wu, C., Daugherty, A., Cassis, L. A. (2015). Castration of male mice prevents the progression of established angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms.Journal of vascular surgery,6

Self Confidence and Self Development †Free Samples for Students

Question: In what way could the information from the lectures help you to build more self-confidence and self-development? Answer: Introducation As human beings, it is no secret that we have our values and also believes that we have developed through the course of our lives. Our community, friends, and families have a significant contribution in the bid to assist people to know whom they are. I have learned that values are characteristics that an individual holds with a high regard. These values are management in guiding people in the decision that they make. Case in point, some people believe in the value of saving the forest by avoiding deforestation and planting trees while on the contrary, an individual who cut the same trees does not hold the same value as a conservator. I have learned that values that individuals should uphold in the workplace include, accountability, focus, honesty, reliability and positive thinking, most of which I possess. Behavior is the true manifestation of an individuals personality (Locke, 2007). At the workplace, human interaction is part and parcel of work (Grujicic-Alatriste, 2015). I have learned that personality dictates how people respond to issues such as conflict, crisis and another type of workplace situations. At a personal level, I have established that I have the ability to keep calm in any situation and try to figure out what the Accounting of a crisis can be. Understanding my personality and those of others, is a recipe for success in a business setting. I have learned that everyone can act out preferences which is acting out of character depending on a situation. This means that, as an individual, I should ensure that at all times I refrain from engaging in confrontations and situations that can make me go out of my calm demeanor. The information from the lectures have clearly explained that confidence is not something that can be learned but it is about the perception of the mind. When one decides to change the mindset, one can be able to gain self-confidence. As pointed out by Masters and Wallace, (2017), positive thinking is one of the major ways of ensuring that I can be able to have self-confidence. People usually lose self-esteem with the thought they are not better as other people. However, when one feeds ones brain with positive thinking that one can be as equality competent like others, then self-confidence is manifested. Fear of making mistakes is what makes individuals lack self-confidence. From the information from the lectures, I have learned that mistakes at the workplace are inevitable hence it should not be a course for concern to compromise my self-confidence. As long as an individual exists one is capable of growing and changing in all aspects. Personal development is the ability of an individual being able to gradually develop regarding character, values, and personality. The information from the lecture has manifested that one way I can be able to have self-development is by not refusing any responsibility or new tasks as it is a preparation for the future (Ricketts and Ricketts, 2011). Due to dynamics of the world, one should ensure that one engages in advanced classes in the field of expertise to avoid obsolescence. The information from the lecture has relayed that I can build self-development by learning from other peoples experience rather than wasting time trying things on myself. References Grujicic-Alatriste, L. (2015).Linking discourse studies to professional practice. 1st ed. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, p.28. Locke, E. (2007).The Blackwell handbook of principles of organizational behavior. 1st ed. Malden, Mass. [u.a.]: Blackwell. Masters, A. and Wallace, H. (2017).Personal Development for Life and Work. 1st ed. Cengage Learning, p.21. Ricketts, C. and Ricketts, J. (2011).Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success. 1st ed. Clifton Park, N.Y: Delmar, p.471.

Where Can I Find a Free Caltech Sample Essay?

Where Can I Find a Free Caltech Sample Essay?Do you want to take a Caltech sample essay, but you don't want to have to write the entire thing yourself? Perhaps you don't have a professor to tutor you? Maybe you just don't feel confident writing a test?No worries - there are still many places where you can find free sample essays. Just follow these tips and get your free Caltech sample essay!A great place to start looking for a sample essay is online. You can do so by searching Google for 'Caltech sample essays.' There are many other sites that will offer you a free sample essay, too.Don't just take the first offer you find. Look around and see if you can find a more appealing offer. If you do find one, check to see if they are affiliated with a college. Some of them are affiliated with the online colleges that you can take online, too.Once you have found a free online essay that you like, read it carefully and give it some thought. The most important things to consider are the theme of the essay, the topic, and the author. You may be able to narrow down your selection of essays that best suit your needs.While there is a time and a place for a pre-written essay, if you're looking for a free Caltech sample essay that you can practice and test on your own, then you need to try and find an essay that you think fits with your personality. It should give you ideas that you can use in future essays.With this information, you should be well on your way to finding a Caltech sample essay that you are comfortable with. This may mean the difference between having a good grade and a bad grade. So, learn the basics and see how this can benefit you.

Marbury V. Madison Trial Essays - , Term Papers

Marbury V. Madison Trial Marbury v. Madison The issue before the Supreme Court was the question of the court's own constitutional authority, and to decide whether or not to issue the writ and if this would make the court seem weak. The facts of the case that were presented in the court was that this particular case was, in fact, being thrown before the Supreme court, and there was an argument as to whether or no the court real had the jurisdiction to decide this case at all. The result of this case was that the Supreme Court decided to entitle Marbury his court order. It was the first time the Court openly declared an act of Congress unconstitutional. The Court ruled that Congress exceeded its power in the Judiciary Act of 1789 and it established its power to review acts of Congress and declare invalid those it found in conflict with the Constitution. I actually think that the framers of the constitution would have consented to the idea of the Court to have this power of Judicial Review, because it works out quite well for the system of checks and balances because without it Congress would almost have too much power and I am sure the framers wouldn't have accepted that. If the decision had not have validated the idea that the Supreme court had the power of Judicial Review, then Americans would have been a little concerned about the competency of the Court and would have thought that it was acting outside it's jurisdiction. Justice Marshall stated that the power to decide this case did not come from the constitution, but from an act of Congress. The Supreme Court further more had original powers that extended beyond the constitution, so, in this case, it had the right to pass judgment. The point of this was in case the Court had to decide, without Congress, if certain cases had to be decided in Court and not in Congress to allow the Supreme Court to go above Congress's head to make an Important decision, and see for itself if the decision of Congress was deemed unconstitutional and if it should be decided in court. Economics Essays

Writing Admission Essay

Writing Admission Essay Writing Admission Essay Writing Admission Essay Most of the law schools require you to write a personal statement in which you must present yourself. A personal statement allows the reader to see an applicant as an individual who differs from other applicants. It is very important that your personal statement reflects you and your life as honestly as possible. Admission essay is your opportunity to talk directly with the admissions committee. It is your chance to help the admissions committee see you as a person.Your personal statement will determine whether you are being accepted or rejected by a school of your choice. Nevertheless, it is necessary to write an admission essay honestly, in an interesting way, and with proper structure. Admission Essay Writing The most important element of an essay is an evidence of your own thoughts. Admission essay topic usually presents one central question and develops a thesis, the answer to the question. Usually, you have to explain or defend your thesis with reasons and evidence gained from your own personal experience. You are expected to impress the commission with interesting thoughts gained from reading or research. It is advisable to make an outline which should include an introduction, body, and conclusion. College Admission Essay Whilewriting admission essay, many students face the problem deciding which information to include. Think about the topic of your admission essay, than create a list of your own experienced and interests, then choose the most interesting events from your life. While writing college admission essay you should also mention why you have decided to enter the chosen college and how you plan to use your life achievements in college. Your job is to sell yourself and distinguish yourself from other applicants. Everyone has qualities that are unique. Read also:http://.com/blog/college-admission-essay-topics Demonstrate your ability to think and express ideas clearly and effectively. Show motivation and capacity to succeed in college. The reason you are asked to write an admission essay is to compare the degree of similarity in research interests between you and the faculty member you wish to work with. However, your research interests should be relevant to the proposed field of study. Additionally, you should show in your college essay that you have basic knowledge in the chosen field of study. There are several different ways you can structure your essay, but the most common format includes an introduction, a body, and a concluding paragraph. Prepare an outline and create several drafts! Order Custom Admission Essay You know that writing a good admission essay is not easy and most of the students struggle with creating a powerful personal statement.is here to help college applicants with admission essay writing of any urgency. Even if you have only 12 hours left until submission, we can help you! Interesting posts: Essay Writing Tips Conclusion Writing Thesis Writing Hamlet Thesis Dissertation Service

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Management - Essay Example A Collectivism Vs Individualism 11 5.1.1. B Power Distance 11 5.1.1. C Uncertainty Avoidance 11 5.1.1. D Time Orientation 11 5.1.1. E Quality Vs Quantity of Life 12 5.1.2 Analysis 12 6.1 Technological Environment 12 6.1.1 Technological Infrastructure 12 6.1.2 Communication Network 12 6.1.3 Logistics Network 12 6.1.4 Analysis 13 7.0 SWOT analysis 14 7.1 Strength 14 7.2 Weakness 14 7.3 Opportunities 14 7.4 Threat 15 8.0 Recommendations 15 9.0 References 16 1.0 Introduction Adventure Tours Australia is one of the leading nature-based small group tour companies. The company tries to cater to the needs of various people especially active budget travelers along with private charters (Adventure Tours n.d.). The company was established in the year 1993 and it has been evident that in the year 2010 the company had been successful in providing 90000 passengers which was the biggest achievement for the company. It has wide range of tours that explore highlights along with hidden delights of Wes tern Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, Northern Territory and Queensland for its travelers at budget price. Adventure Tours Australia has won several awards for delivering quality services to travelers. It tries to focus on unique scenery, aboriginal culture of each area and wildlife. The tour normally ranges from one to eighteen days with regular assured departures. For those travelers who want an ‘extended value for money travel options’, several tours are combined into tour packages. The top management of the company is actively involved in day-to-day operations of the company and has been trying to make the company large enough so that it can render professional services and supports. It further engages in providing enough care to each passenger (Adventure Tours n.d.). The company is extremely concerned about climatic changes and negative impacts on unique Central Australian environment. In lieu of this fact, the company has tried to i ntroduce certain climate friendly initiatives into its every day operations and upon its future planning (Adventure Tours 2011). The aim of the company is to provide best services to its customers so that the prospective customers can be turned into loyal customers. Through this report it has been intended to expand Adventure Tours Australia’s operations in Brazil. The services will be rendered by Brazilian nationals, however training of the staffs in Brazil will be provided by Australians in order to make the employees aware of the potential organizational values and norms. In this report, a thorough situational analysis of Brazil will be conducted in order to understand the scope for Adventure Tours Australia in the country. Therefore, it will try to conduct a PESTEL analysis of Brazil along with a SWOT analysis. Finally, based upon the results from two analytical tools, recommendations will be provided to the Adventure Tours Australia as to whether it would be viable for t he company to expand its operation to Brazil. 2.0 PESTEL Analysis A PESTEL analysis is an analytical tool through which an organization can make strategies by understanding the external environment in which it operates or will operate in near future (Renewal Associates 2011). In order to expand operation in Brazil it is important to analyze Brazilians overall environment. 2.1 Political Environment 2.1.1 Government Stability The type of government that Brazil has is Federal Republic (U.S. Department of State

Debate Between The Epicureans And The Stoics Term Paper

Debate Between The Epicureans And The Stoics - Term Paper Example The Epicureans were contributed by Epicurus who was a Greek philosopher who lived between 341 BC and 270 BC. Epicurus founded the Garden in Athens in which he and his followers lived and practiced Epicurus’ philosophical ways of life. At the entrance of this place, they hanged a writing stating that Stranger, here you will do well to tarry. Here our highest good is pleasure’1. From this writing among others, the Epicureans are considered hedonists who believe that humanity should fulfill their earthly desires and pleasures and should never try or live according to the will of God in the same way as the Stoics. In other words, they note that humanity should try to live in some sort of happiness and pleasure while they are still on earth or before their death. Notably, the contribution attributed to these two schools of thoughts can be narrowed down to the Aristotelian school of thought that dictates that "the sort of person one is and the lifestyle one adopts will indeed have an immediate bearing on the actions one performs." Nonetheless, the Stoic is more plausible than the Epicureans school of thought. The Epicurean school of thought is divided into two axial lines of desires including natural and unnatural fulfillments. Some of these fulfillments may be considered necessary in life while others are considered unnecessary. Form these distinctions; it is apparent only some of the natural and necessary desires can be fulfilled while the other branch of categories, the unnatural and unnecessary desires are irrelevant and cannot be fulfilled. Nearly all the unnatural and unnecessary class of desires prescribed by Epicureans never exists. This is because only what natural desires are truly necessary and they are what exist. In other words, even the natural and unnecessary desires are never vital to the human life; thus, they must be considered void since they never satisfy human needs but they can only lead to confusion and disturbance of inner self s ufficient or the autarkeia2. Notably, from this classification of desires, it is apparent that their something or desires that are never necessary in human life and living them as means of self-fulfillment will only lead to destabilization of an individual’s inner self sufficiency. These two schools of thoughts also address their concerns on pleasure. Epicureanism classifies sexual intercourse as natural but unnecessary desire. In this case, Epicurus does not spell out total abstinence from sexual pleasures, but he thinks that such pleasure should be sampled carefully so that they are not confused with natural and necessary human desires. Epicurus once stated "Sexual intercourse never helped anyone, and one must be satisfied if it has not harmed3." In other words, he was noting that natural but unnecessary desires should be enjoyed while balancing such acts carefully in clear thinking minds. According Epicurus, for an individual â€Å"To enjoy these unnecessary desires and t o not make of them necessities, to take free pleasure in the unnecessary, this is the highest achievement4." However, this contribution varies Stoics that states that former believes makes make a person more virtuous that they can easily and effective sample natural and unnecessary without them being overwhelmed by these choices. In other words, Stoics contributes the fact that all human desires are governed by some natural forces that humanity must be answerable to; thus, it worth examining and individuals’ experience in order to define his or her next move. Additionally, Stoics argue that pleasure may lead threaten an individual tranquility; thus, it should be avoided at all costs. Additionally, other than pleasure, these two schools o

Francisella Tularensis Gene Sequencing

Francisella Tularensis Gene Sequencing Francisella tularensis, a pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and the only bacteria recognized under the genus Francisellaceae of the gammaproteobacteria family, was isolated by George Walter McCoy from ground squirrels in 1912. There are four subspecies of F. tularensis: biovar tularensis (type A), biovar holartica (type B), subspecies novicida, and biovar mediasiatica. Type A, most commonly found within North America, is the most virulent subspecies and includes the fully sequenced laboratory strain, SCH4U. Type B is most commonly found within Europe and Asia but is rarely linked to fatal disease while subspecies novicida and biovar mediasiatica, found within North America and central Asia respectively, are non-virulent strains in human hosts, however, little is known about the latter. F. tularensis is non-motile , aerobic and rod shaped with an approximate size of 0.2  µm. Despite F. tularensis having been categorized as a Class A Select Agent by the U.S. government as a prospective instrument of bioterrorism, human-to-human transmission of the bacteria has not been observed. F. tularensis is most commonly spread through vectors such as ticks or deer flies, with aquatic rodents, deer and lagomorphs being common reservoir hosts. F. tularensis has the ability to infect a host via skin contact and inhalation, leading to ulceroglandular forms of tularemia and pneumonic tularemia. Without treatment, pneumonic tularemia has been shown to be fatal (mortality rate of 30-60% if left untreated), causing symptoms such as fever, anorexia, and septicemia within approximately three to four days after infection. Although human-to-human transmission has not been identified, F. tularensis’ ability to infect human hosts is not hindered. F. tularensis requires a low infectious dose (approximately 10-50 bacteria), contributing to its high virulence. Being an intrac ellular bacterium requiring cysteine for growth can be limiting, however F. tularensis is capable of surviving outside of a host for weeks at a time. This characteristic leads to its easy spread when one comes in contact with water and grasslands, particularly during activities like brushcutting or lawn mowing in which the carcasses of dead reservoir animals may be present within the environment, leading to what is commonly known as â€Å"lawnmower disease† or â€Å"rabbit disease†. Tularemia is endemic in North America, Europe and Asia with 5-10% of cases being waterborne infection opposed to the most common method, via contact with reservoir animals. At risk groups include those who are immunosuppressed. The life cycle of this intracellular pathogen is important in determining which aspects are of main focus when dealing with potential virulence factors. There are approximately five steps of this pathogens life cycle: entry (associated with type IV pili), phagosomal escape, cytoplasmic multiplication (associated with biofilms and ppGpp), lysis and release (associated with MglA). The entry of this pathogen is dependent on complement factor C3, mannose receptors and cell surface-expressed nucleolin (encoded by the ncl gene). Within the cell, the bacterium colocalizes within arrested, late endosomal phagosomes. Within 15-30 minutes, the phagosomes are destroyed and the bacteria escape into the cytoplasm of the host cell. After multiplication, two distinct mechanisms for host cell lysis occur: Type 1-induced apoptosis and caspase 1-mediated pyropoptosis (in which immune cells that recognize signals of infection within themselves, go through programmed cell death via production of cytokin es). The pathogens response to innate immunity within the host cell also plays a role in it’s virulence as evading innate responses (such as production of cytokines) is crucial when infecting host cells, macrophages in particular. Being able to detect environmental changes through use of two-component systems help the pathogen survive in different conditions within or outside of host cells, which can have a huge impact on its virulence as well. Biofilms also play a significant role in the virulence of F. tularensis. Biofilms are a community of microbes attached to a surface, encased in a matrix. Biofilms help provide protection from antimicrobial agents as well as protection from the immune system of the host. Biofilms play a role in chronic infections as they protect the bacteria which are most resistant to antibiotics or antimicrobials that may be administered to the host. In the case of F. tularensis, biofilm formation is increased when the relA gene is inactivated. Production of hyperphosphorylated guanosine diphosphate and triphosphate analogs or (p)ppGpp, is used to combat limited nutrient conditions. Uncharged tRNA molecules bind the ribosome resulting in stalling of translation and activation of ribosome associated RelA. This causes the production of (p)ppGpp which is then converted to ppGpp. ppGpp molecules bind RNA polymerase to alter gene expression under certain conditions. Inactivation of the relA gene causes d efective production of (p)ppGpp which leads to increased biofilm formation and increased resistance to stress. These biofilms make it hard to treat infections resulting from this pathogen as eliminating the pathogen from the body becomes more difficult with increased production of biofilms and increased resistance. The ability for this pathogen to survive without a host is due, in part, to its ability to adapt to different environments by activation and repression of genes, some of which are found within what are known as pathogenicity islands. In the case of F. tularensis, the pathogenicity island FP1, contains 17 highly controlled genes that are crucial to its survival. In the laboratory strain of Type A alone, the expression of approximately 658 genes are up regulated and/or down regulated during infection within macrophages. The change in expression of these genes has helped researchers understand F. tularensis’ reactions to specific environmental stimuli such as temperature, limited iron source and oxidative stress. In terms of temperature as an environmental stimuli, F. tularensis is able is to alter its outer surface when growing in temperatures of 25 °C as opposed to 37 °C in a human host, by modifying the lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This pathogen is capable of tempe rature changes through involvement of alternative sigma factors as well as heat-shock proteins. In F. tularensis, the only alternative sigma factor that is encoded is RpoH. In terms of iron acquisition, intracellular pathogens require the ability to acquire iron because of the limited availability within mammalian host cells, as intracellular replication is iron-dependent. F. tularensis contains siderophores. These small molecules grow under iron-limiting conditions and bind iron from inorganic and host sources. Studies show that iron-starved F. tularensis expresses an additional 80 genes, including some within FP1, and that F. novidica growth in broth and macrophages is inhibited as well as it virulence in regards to causing pneumonic tularemia in mouse models. In addition to temperature and iron acquisition, the detection of oxidative stress is important as oxidative stress is hugely involved in innate antimicrobial responses by macrophages in the host. Reactive oxygen species (RO S) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have the ability to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide molecules which cause damage to biological molecules within bacterial cells, such as DNA, as well as important enzymes which lead to metabolic defects. F. tularensis has the ability to inactivate these reactive species by inactivation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase which is found within the phagolysosome and is required to reduce oxygen to superoxide anions. Environmental stimulus is important when studying the virulence of this pathogen as it is directly related to regulation of virulence gene expression. In fact, the gene MglA (or macrophage growth locus) has been linked with responses to oxidative stress. MglA in particular, is required for replication within macrophages. MglA is highly up-regulated during infection and mutant strains are unable to escape macrophage phagosomes. MglA binds with SspA (a transcription factor that responds to nutrient limitation) as well as RNA polymerase in a heterodimer which is required for FP1 gene activation. In order for the pathogen to detect these environmental stimuli, however, two component regulatory systems composed of membrane-bound sensor kinases and cytoplasmic response regulators are essential. The F. tularensis genome codes for two of these systems, one of which is of major importance and contains a response regulator that resembles PmrA of E. coli bacteria, involved in LPS modification. Inactivation of this gene increases susceptibility to killing through antimicrobial actions, decreased growth and inability to escape macrophages. PmrA is described as a DNA binding protein that allows for binding of the MglA and SspA complex bound to RNA polymerase to initiate FP1 gene transcription. Aside from gene expression relating to virulence, genes within F. tularensis’ genome have also been shown to produce structures that aid with its life cycle and its virulence. One structure in particular is type IV pili. Multifunctional and flexible, these appendages are capable of adhesion, motility, biofilm formation and conjugation, all of which are important aspects of colonization of pathogens. In human strains of the virus, type IV pili have been shown to be essential for virulence, specifically in type A. In type B strains (which have relatively low virulence), however, pseudogenes of genes encoding type IV pili have been found which further support the idea that virulence is somehow connected to type IV pili. In the case of F. tularensis, type IV pili are essential for the binding of the bacterial cell to host cells to allow phagocytosis to occur. Mutant strains lacking the genes responsible for the production of pili (mainly pilA, pilB, pilC, pilD, pilT, and pilQ) are considerably attenuated in pathogenicity. Another structural virulence determinant is the ability of Francisella tularensis to suppress and avoid early innate immune responses (which slows progression of infection and allows for adaptive immunity to develop) by modifying its LPS, as mentioned previously in regards to PmrA and temperature as an environmental stimulus. Through removal of Kdo (3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid) saccharide, F. tularensis is able to kill the host before adaptive immunity matures. Mutant strains with the inability to modify its LPS are shown to be attenuated in mice models, inducing an early innate immune response. The O-antigen present within the LPS of F. tularensis is also important for multiplication. O-antigen is a repetitive glycan polymer, composing the outermost domain of the LPS. Mutant strains lacking O-antigen show susceptibility to killing by serum. F. tularensis also produces AcpA (burst-inhibiting acid phosphatase) which inhibits respiratory bursts (release of neutrophils by macrophag es when they encounter bacteria) in order to help evade host immune system responses. Though the genome of F. tularensis has been sequenced, not many genes have been shown to be identical or even similar to those currently within bioinformatics databases. This makes it challenging to determine what genes are responsible for what functions. As described above, the major factors that determine F. tularensis’ virulence are mainly two-component systems which detect environmental stimuli, helping the bacteria adapt to environmental change (including temperature, iron limitation and oxidative stress), which leads to expression of important regulatory genes such as MgIA, PmrA, and relA, all of which are associated with specific stages of its life cycle. MglA is of major importance because of its role in initiating transcription of another virulence factor, the FP1 pathogenicity island. Biofilms, LPS modification and type IV pili also influence virulence through their ability to aid in multiplication, resistance, and evasion of innate immunity as well as entry into hos t cells. Even though the functions of many genes within the genome of F. tularensis are unknown, this pathogen is still very important to the world of biotechnology because of its ability to be used as a biological weapon. This is due to several characteristics of F. tularensis including being: easy to aerosolize, highly infective (requiring only a small dose of 10-50 bacteria for infection) highly incapacitating to infected hosts (with a relatively high mortality rate if its associated disease is left untreated). WHO estimated, in 1969, that 50kg of aerosolized virulent F. tularensis could result in 250,000 illnesses and 19,000 deaths if dispersed over a population of approximately 5 million people. This has led to production of a live vaccine as well as an attenuated; however the live vaccine has not yet been approved within the United States and the attenuated vaccine is only available in special cases. Disease associated with this pathogen is currently treated with antibiotics, the drug choice being streptomycin or tetracycline-class drugs. The best way to prevent an infection by F. tularensis is through proper protection when skinning wild animals, particularly lagomorphs (rabbits), avoiding ingestion of uncooked reservoir animals and untreated water sources in which these animals inhabit as well as wearing repellent to prevent tick bites.